Memory Retrieval
Retrieval is the third process of memory. It is getting information out of memory. There are two forms: Recall and Recognition.
Recall: This is the measure of memory in which you retrieve information you have previously learned. It is simply bringing a thought or idea learned previously into conscious awareness. When you remember something you are recalling it. An example is a fill in the blank test because you are recalling the information you have learned previously.
Recognition: This is the measure of memory in which you have to identify items you have previously learned. An example is a multiple choice test because you only need to identify material that you have already learned.
Recognition: This is the measure of memory in which you have to identify items you have previously learned. An example is a multiple choice test because you only need to identify material that you have already learned.
The context effect is a very interesting thing affecting how we retrieve memories. When you are in the same environment as when you encoded the information your ability to retrieve information is enhanced. So if you study in the same exact seat that you take a test you will probably be able to retrieve the information better.
State-dependent memory is another
interesting thing that affects retrieving memories. It enhances your ability to
retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state as
when you encoded the information. So if you encoded the information when you
were sad then you would beable to retrieve it best when you are also sad.
interesting thing that affects retrieving memories. It enhances your ability to
retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state as
when you encoded the information. So if you encoded the information when you
were sad then you would beable to retrieve it best when you are also sad.
Proactive Interference: Old information that you have already learned disrupts the learning of new information. An example of this is that a native English speaker may have greater difficulty learning Spanish because they will have the tendency to apply English grammar to the new language.
Retroactive Interference: It's when a person has difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information. An example of this is that you may have a hard time skiing because of recently learning how to snowboard.
Retroactive Interference: It's when a person has difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information. An example of this is that you may have a hard time skiing because of recently learning how to snowboard.
Motivated forgetting can help explain repressed memories. Freud referred to motivated forgetting as repressing memories. By pushing the memory into the subconscious and actively repressing it, we are unable to recall the memory. In some way motivated forgetting is purposeful forgetting, even if it's not at a conscious level. Repression is protecting ourselves from painful memories. Motivated forgetting is trying to protect ourselves from anxiety that could come from painful memories.
There are factors that influence the accuracy of
children's recall. The misinformation effect
is that if we witness an event and then get some incorrect information about
that event, we incorporate the incorrect information(misinformation) into our
memory of the event. As a result we have an altered memory of the event or
false memories(See Elizabeth Loftus under VIPs for more
information). Everyone is susceptible to it, but children are the most. Children
might answer questions with information that they think the adults who ask want
to hear instead of what the truth is. It helps to use wording that they can
understand, have no prior contact with the child before asking, and don't ask
questions that are leading or suggestive.
children's recall. The misinformation effect
is that if we witness an event and then get some incorrect information about
that event, we incorporate the incorrect information(misinformation) into our
memory of the event. As a result we have an altered memory of the event or
false memories(See Elizabeth Loftus under VIPs for more
information). Everyone is susceptible to it, but children are the most. Children
might answer questions with information that they think the adults who ask want
to hear instead of what the truth is. It helps to use wording that they can
understand, have no prior contact with the child before asking, and don't ask
questions that are leading or suggestive.
Recovered memory: Recovered memories are memories that people claim were repressed and then later retrieved. These memories can be false memories. Research shows that another person could plant these thoughts into someones head and make them believe it happened even if it didn't. A psychologist is an example of someone who could create these false memories in someone's head.